System and method for communicating packetized data over a channel bank

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for communicating packetized data over a communications link using a channel bank having a time division multiplexing addressing scheme, the communications link having a predetermined format for data transmitted over the communications link including a framing bit and a frame period defined by the framing bit, is provided wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality of channel units for generating packetized data, each piece of packetized data having a packet period corresponding to a sufficient amount of time to communicate the packetized data over the communications link, a system for allocating the communication link to a channel unit that is currently sending data over the communications link for the packet period, a system for skipping the framing bit when communicating said packetized data if the framing bit occurs during the packet period, a system for determining a next sender of packetized data over the communications link, the determining system being distributed over the plurality of channel units so that each channel unit independently determines whether it is the next sender, and a system for allocating the communications link to the channel unit that is the next sender of packetized data after said packet period so that the time division multiplexing addressing scheme of the channel bank is ignored, and the channel bank is communicating packetized data. A method for communicating packetized data over a channel bank is also disclosed.

This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/735,478, filed Oct.23, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,595.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to a system and method forcommunicating packetized data over a time division multiplexedcommunications system. In the early 1970's, telephone began using a timedivision multiplexed (TDM) communications system, known as D4, that useda channel bank to multiplex and communicate time division multiplexed(TDM) voice signals over a communications link, such as a T1 link. Thechannel bank typically carried 24 digital voice signals between centraltelephone offices using only one pair of wires in each direction insteadof the normal 24 pairs of wires required to communicate the 24 voicesignals in analog form. This capability was achieved by digitizing andtime division multiplexing the 24 analog voice signals into 24 channelsor timeslots. In the TDM system, each of the channels is allocated apredetermined, equal amount of time (corresponding to a predeterminedbandwidth) within each frame of the T1 link to communicate any data.Each channel is always allocated its predetermined amount of time, evenif that channel has no voice data to transmit. In addition tocommunicating voice signals, these system may also communicate digitaldata because the D4 system was designed to handle digital data. Thesystems are still widely used today to carry voice traffic betweencentral telephone offices. Therefore, the communications hardware andthe network necessary for this D4 system are readily available.

A typical time division multiplexed (TDM) system, such as the D4 system,has a data rate of 1.544 million bit per second (Mbps) wherein timeslotsof 64 Kbps are fixedly allocated to each channel unit. The 1.544 Mbpsdata rate is typically known as a T1 carrier.

Because conventional channel banks, such as the D4 system, haveallocated fixed time slots for each channel, these systems suffer froman inefficient use of bandwidth and cannot dynamically allocate thatbandwidth. For example, if one or more channels do not have any voice ordata signals to transmit at a particular time, the timeslot assigned tothat channel unit in the T1 frame is unused. In addition, if aparticular channel has a need for more bandwidth than the allocated timeslot, the TDM system does not allow that channel to request or receiveany extra bandwidth. Due to these shortcomings, a number of alternativepacket-based communications systems, such as asynchronous transfer mode(ATM), X.25 protocol, and frame relay, have been developed that do notassign fixed timeslots to each channel, but dynamically allocatebandwidth according to need. These packet-based communications systemsare best used for digital data because digital data tends to becommunicated in bursts. For example, a user sending a computer file thatis 100 Kbytes long will need to send the entire 100 Kbytes as quickly aspossible, but then will not require any more bandwidth until anothertransmission.

These packetized communications systems permit the total bandwidth ofthe communications link to be allocated in any manner depending on theneed of the channels. For example, a single channel may use the entirebandwidth for several seconds because that channel has high prioritydigital data, such as an e-mail message or a computer file, that must betransmitted immediately. Most of the packetized communications systemsprovide some system for preventing any particular channel fromover-using the communications link. These packetized systems, however,cannot use the hardware of an existing time division multiplexed channelbank, such as D4. Therefore, these packet-based systems requirespecialized hardware.

Thus, there is a need for a system and method for communicatingpacketized data over a channel bank, which avoids these and otherproblems of known devices, and it is to this end that the presentinvention is directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a system for communicating packetized data over achannel bank previously used to communicate TDM data wherein theexisting hardware of the TDM system may be used to communicatepacketized data, which reduces the hardware cost of the packetized datacommunication system in accordance with the invention. In addition, thepacketized data communications system in accordance with the inventionmay use existing data buses within the channel bank to communicatebetween the channel units. The invention also provides a system forcommunicating packetized data over the channel bank wherein adistributed contention system may be used such that each channel unitindependently determines whether it has gained access to the channelbank. The packetized data communications system in accordance with theinvention may have a system for preventing a channel unit from overusingthe communications system.

In accordance with the invention, an apparatus for communicatingpacketized data over a communications link using a channel bank having atime, division multiplexing addressing scheme, the communications linkhaving a predetermined format for data transmitted over thecommunications link including a framing bit and a frame period definedby the framing bit, wherein the apparatus comprises a plurality ofchannel units for generating packetized data, each piece of packetizeddata having a packet period corresponding to a sufficient amount of timeto communicate the packetized data over the communications link, asystem for allocating the communication link to a channel unit that iscurrently sending data over the communications link for the packetperiod, a system for skipping the framing bit when communicating saidpacketized data if the framing bit occurs during the packet period, asystem for determining a next sender of packetized data over thecommunications link, the determining system being distributed over theplurality of channel units so that each channel unit independentlydetermines whether it is the next sender, and a system for allocatingthe communications link to the channel unit that is the next sender ofpacketized data after said packet period so that the time divisionmultiplexing addressing scheme of the channel bank is ignored, and thechannel bank is communicating packetized data. A method forcommunicating packetized data over a channel bank is also disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional time division multiplexed(TDM) communications system having a channel bank;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view showing the format of a time divisionmultiplexed signal generated by the conventional TDM system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system for communicating packetized datain accordance with the invention that may use an existing channel bank;

FIG. 4 is a schematic showing a format of the signals generated by thesystem for communicating packetized data over a channel bank inaccordance with the, invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a system for communicating packetizeddata over a channel bank in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 6 is a detailed schematic diagram showing an embodiment of thecontention logic of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a format of the contention bits on acontention bus in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 8 is a timing diagram showing an example of a contention process inaccordance with the invention between channels having differentpriorities; and

FIG. 9 is a timing diagram showing an example of a contention process inaccordance with the invention between channels have the same prioritiesand the same fairness bits.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The invention is particularly applicable to a system and method forcommunicating packetized data over a D4 channel bank. It is in thiscontext that the invention will be described. It will be appreciated,however, that the system and method in accordance with the invention hasgreater utility.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional time division multiplexed(TDM) communications system channel bank 20. The channel bankcommunicates a plurality of signals from a plurality of users over acommunications link wherein each of the users has a specified timeslotassigned to it in which it can communicate data over the communicationslink. The TDM system shown is a D4 channel bank, but the invention isnot limited to a particular type of channel bank.

The D4 channel bank 20 may be used by a plurality of users 22 connectedto a plurality of channel units 24-28, and the plurality of channelunits may be known as a channel bank. In the D4 system shown, there area maximum of twenty-four users and a maximum of twenty-four channelunits so that there is a one-to-one correspondence between channel unitsand users. As described below in more detail, each channel unit has afixed 8-bit timeslot assigned to it, in which that channel maycommunicate data. Each channel unit may communicate analog voice signalsor digital data signals, as described below. For transmission, the datagenerated by any channel may be sampled eight thousand (8000) times persecond so that eight thousand 8-bit samples (for a total of 64 Kbps datarate for each channel) may be generated for each channel, as describedbelow in more detail.

The details of the D4 TDM communications system will now be described.For time division multiplexing in a D4 system, each of the twenty-fouranalog voice signals are low pass filtered and sampled at a rate of 8000time per second by a voice card. Each of these analog samples aredigitized to form 8-bit digital samples by a well-knownanalog-to-digital converter and then these twenty-four 8-bit digitalsamples are concatenated together to form a 192-bit signal as shown inFIG. 2. These voice cards also communicate signalling information, suchas ringing indication, idle indication or busy indication, required bythe voice signals using two signalling bits known as A and B.

The TDM D4 system may also send digital data using a data card toreplace one or more of the voice cards. For digital data, there is noneed to sample or digitize the digital data and there are not anysignalling information. Therefore, the D4 system has a TNEN bus forindicating to the transmit unit and the receive unit whether analogvoice signals or digital data is being communicated. As described above,the common equipment acts as an interface between the transmit andreceive unit and the T1 link.

During the transmission of data by a channel unit, the channel unittransmits the analog voice or digital data to a backplane bus 30 whichsends the data from all of the channel units to a transmit unit 32. Thetransmit unit converts the analog voice signals to digital signals andthen sends the digital voice and data signals to a common equipment 34.The common equipment may control the channel units in order to fixedlyallocate a data rate to each channel unit using a control bus and maytransmit the digital data over a T1 link 36. As is well known, the T1link may have a date transfer rate of 1.544 million bits per second(Mbps).

In more detail, during transmission, the transmit unit gives eachchannel unit some addressing signals, TSP and TSQ that provide a uniqueaddress for each channel unit and indicates to each channel unit wherein the T1 frame the timeslot for that channel unit is located. Thetransmit unit also gives each channel unit that communicates digitaldata a clock signal, TDCLK, and a serial data bus, TDATA. Each datachannel unit transmits digital data over the TDATA bus only during itstimeslot. The voice cards, also known as voice channel units, do not usethe TDATA bus.

For the transmission of analog voice signals, a slightly differentsystem is used. At the time that the D4 system was designed, analog todigital (A/D) and D/A converters were too expensive so a single highspeed A/D converter was built into the transmit unit and a D/A converterinto the receive unit to handle the conversion of analog voice signals.Therefore, there is a bus, called TPAM, between the voice channel unitsand the transmit unit that carries analog signals. Thus, during itsassigned timeslot, a voice channel unit is enabled by a TWD signal toplace an analog voltage onto the TPAM bus. The signalling information,as described above, for the voice signals are sent to the transmit unitover a TA and TB bus. The digital data channel units do not use theTPAM, TA or TB buses.

For receiving voice and digital data signals, the receive unit providesaddressing leads, RSP and RSQ, to the channel units that provide aunique receive address to each channel unit so that each channel unitmay identify its timeslot of the T1 link. Each channel unit alsoreceives a clock signal, RCLK. The digital channel units also receivesthe received digital data on a RNPCM bus where the channel unit maylatch onto the appropriate 8 bits of digital data during its timeslot.For analog signals, the signals are converted back into analog signalsby the D/A converter in the receive unit and then placed on an RPAM busand a RWD signal from the receive unit indicates to each channel unitwhen to store the analog voltage on the RPAM bus. The signallinginformation is placed on a RSAB bus. To more fully understand the TDMsystem, the format of the TDM signal will be briefly described.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a format of the signals generated by thechannel bank shown in FIG. 1. A TDM signal 50 may be 193 bits long andmay include an 8-bit sample 52 for each of the twenty-four channel unitsand a framing bit 54. Each of the channels may be sampled eight thousand(8000) times per second, so that the total data rate for each channel issixty-four thousand bits per second (64 Kbps), and the total data rateof all of the data and the framing bit is equal to the total data rateof the T1 link, which is 1.544 Mbps. However, if one or more of thechannel units does not have any data to communicate, then the timeslotassigned to that channel unit may be unused and some bandwidth of the T1link is wasted. A system for transmitting packetized data over a channelbank in accordance with the invention will now be described, which mayreduce or eliminate this wasted bandwidth.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system for communicating packetized dataover a channel bank in accordance with the invention. Since thepacketized data is not assigned any particular timeslot, the otherwisewasted bandwidth associated with TDM communication systems with fixedtimeslots may be reduced or eliminated, as described below. A channelbank 60 may have a similar structure to the channel bank describedabove, including a plurality of users 62 connected to a plurality ofchannel units 64, a backplane bus 66, a transmit unit 68, a receive unit70, and common equipment 72 attached to a T1 communications link 74.Each of these systems operate in a similar manner to the systems in thechannel banks described above. The channel bank 60 shown, however, mayalso have a system 76 for communicating packetized data over the TDMcommunication system in accordance with the invention in which eachchannel unit may contend for access to send packetized data over the T1communications link. The common equipment still attempts to assign afixed timeslot to each channel unit by sending addressing signals asdescribed above, but each channel unit ignores those addressing leadsand sends packetized data over the T1 link using a channel bank. When aframing bit of the T1 link occurs during the transmission or receptionof packetized data, the framing bit of the T1 link is skipped so thatthe channel bank sees the framing bit and believes that it is stillcommunicating time division multiplexed data even when packetized data,in accordance with the invention is being communicated.

Since there are not any fixed time slots in a packetized datacommunications system, there needs to be some system for determiningwhich of the channel units gains access to the bus. Without somecontention or arbitration system, each of the channel units may try tosend data at the same time. Therefore, a contention system determines,based on some criteria, which of the channel units is going to send datanext over the communications link. A contention system in accordancewith the invention will be described below.

The system for communicating packetized data over the TDM communicationsystem may include a contention bus 78 that may be connected to acontention system 80 located within each of the channel units 64. In thechannel bank 60 that communicates packetized data, the TA, TB and TPAMbuses of the D4 system, as described above, are used only for voicesignals and voice signalling information, and not needed for thepacketized data communication system in accordance with the inventionsince the packetized data is digital and there are no telephonesignalling information. Therefore, any one or more of these existingbuses may be used for the contention bus 78 in accordance with theinvention. In the examples shown below, the TB bus may be utilized asthe contention bus. As shown, the contention bus may be connected toeach channel. Each channel, in turn, has a contention system 80physically located within each channel unit 64. Unlike most conventionalpacketized communications systems that have a centralized processor thathandles priority and contention issues, the contention system inaccordance with the invention is a distributed contention system that isspread over each channel unit and uses existing buses. A TDATA bus maycommunicate data between the backplane bus and the common equipment.

The system for communicating packetized data over a channel bank inaccordance with the invention allows a D4 channel bank to multiplexmultiple customers onto a T1 link using a packetized data protocol, suchas frame relay protocol instead of the TDM format described above. Oneof the advantages of the bus architecture of D4 is that, except for theaddressing signals TSP/TSQ/RSP/RSQ, all of the 24 channel units are onthe same bus. Therefore, for transmitting packetized data, such as framerelay data, one may ignore the addressing leads and treat the TDATA andRNPCM buses as unformatted data busses so that all channel units maysend and receive data packets over these data buses. To accomplish this,however, the framing bit 54 must be maintained. The transmit unit 68 andthe receive unit 70 still need to use this bit so the channel unit needsto identify it so as to avoid using it. Each channel unit does this bycounting the number of TDCLK counts between successive occurrences ofTWD for the transmit direction and the number of RCLK counts betweensuccessive occurrences of RWD in the receive direction. Since TWD andRWD occur every timeslot, there are normally 8 clocks between successiveoccurrences. During the framing bit, however, there will be 9 clocksbetween occurrences. This difference allows us to determine where thereceive and transmit framing bits are located and avoid overwriting themwith packetized data. Some other implementations of the transmit unit 68remove the clock edge during the transmit framing bit. In this case allof the occurrences in the transmit direction will be 8 bits, but itdoesn't matter since the lack of a clock will automatically prevent usfrom using the transmit framing bit.

In the receive operation, once the receive framing bit has beenidentified, all of the channel units in the channel bank look for framesaddressed to themselves on RNPCM. To identify frames of data, theseframes can start anywhere and have no relationship to the T1 framing bitwhich makes it necessary to have some protocol to address the frames.The frame relay protocol has a 10-bit address, called the DLCI, at thestart of each frame that is usually used to identify one of 1024sub-channels of a single user. For the system in accordance with theinvention, most significant 5 bits of the DLCI may be used to identifyto or from which of the 24 channel units the frame is addressed. Sincethere are only 24 channel units, the values 0 and 25 to 31 are not usedfor normal addressing, and may be used for other purposes such asnetwork management. In our implementation, these DLCIs may be treated asbroadcast signals so that all channel units receive them. Each channelunit buffers all the frames it sees on RNPCM where the most significant5 bits of the DLCI match it's slot number or is 0 or 25 to 31. Insideeach channel unit, the next 2 bits of the DLCI are used to identifywhich of the 4 customers attached to that channel unit is to receive theframe. The remaining 3 bits of the DLCI may be given to the customer toidentify up to 8 sub-channels, if desired. Therefore, each frame ofpacketized data has an address, such as the DLCI for frame relay data,located at the beginning of the frame.

In the transmit direction, the use of an addressing protocol, such asthe DLCI, to identify the channel unit, customer, and sub-channel theframe is coming from is the same as the receive direction. Thetransmission of packetized data over a channel bank is more complicatedbecause only one channel unit may transmit at any given time, so amechanism, such as the contention-system 76, must be present todetermine which channel unit gets to send data at any given time. Aproblem, however, is that there are no spare data busses on the D4backplane to allow the channel units to communicate with each other andto negotiate. The system in accordance with the invention solves thisproblem by recognizing that any TDM based voice channel units will neverbe plugged into the same channel bank with the channel units 64 inaccordance with the invention since these voice channel units requireTDM operation. Therefore, the TNEN bus will never indicate an analogsignal and the transmit unit 68 will never need to use TA, TB, or TPAM.Therefore, the system in accordance with the invention may use thesebusses to allow the channel units 64 to communicate and determine whogets control of the TDATA bus and which channel unit may send a frame ofpacketized data. In the preferred embodiment, only the TB bus was used,however any of the buses or a combination of the buses may be used tocommunicate between the channel units.

In order to insure that multiple customers receive approximately equalaccess to transmit packetized data and no customer over-uses the systemin accordance with the invention, a limit on the amount of packetizeddata each customer has recently sent during a time interval isdesirable. The amount of packetized data may be limited to apredetermined number of frames of packetized data, a predeterminednumber of bytes of packetized data, or a combination of both. Eachcustomer may be limited to a given amount of packetized data that may besent during the time interval. In addition, if all channel unit withpacketized data at that priority level have exceeded their limits duringthe time interval, then the limits for all of the channel units arereset for that priority. Packetized data for each customer may also beassigned a 5 bit dynamically changing priority as described below inmore detail. The instantaneous value for the priority is based on howmuch a particular customer is above or below his allocation. Highestpriority may be given to customers that are well below their allocation,middle values of priority may be for customers that are just using theirallocation, and increasing lower priority may be given to customers thatare well above their allocation. This is a type of negative feedbacksince sending packetized data decreases your priority which gives othercustomers a chance to send data. Once a channel unit has had a chance tosend data at a given priority level, it cannot send data again at thatpriority level during the time interval until all other cards that havepacketized data at that priority level have had a chance to send a frameof packetized data at that priority level.

The contention mechanism may have a plurality of contention periods, asdescribed below, during each T1 frame. The actual number and location ofthese contention periods is not important, only that all the channelunits in the channel bank know where the start of each contention periodis, either by pre-determination or some other signaling mechanism.Following contention, a given channel unit may be the CurrentSender orthe NextSender, or both, as described below. At any given time, however,there may be only one CurrentSender and one NextSender in the channelbank. The CurrentSender is the channel unit that is currently using theTDATA bus and the NextSender is the channel unit that has won thecontention process but has not yet started sending data on TDATA.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a single T1 frame 100 containingpacketized data in accordance with the invention that may becommunicated over a channel back. In the example shown, a first channelunit signal 102, and a second channel unit signal 104 are shown. Asdescribed above, the timeslots in the T1 frame are ignored. Thus, thefirst channel unit commurncates its packetized data until all of thepacketized data has been communicated. In this example, the firstchannel unit communicates 120 bits of data during the T1 frame shown andthe second channel unit communicates only 40 bits of data during the T1frame shown. In accordance with the invention, it may be that a singlechannel unit may completely use the entire 192 bits in a T1 frame forsome period of time. For transmission, once a 192-bit signal isgenerated, a framing bit 106 may be added to the end of the 192 bits bythe common equipment to form the appropriate length T1 frame of 193bits. When a channel unit transmits packetized data over the channelbank, in accordance with the invention, that would overlap the framingbit position, the framing bit is skipped so that the framing bit may beadded by the common equipment, and then transmission continues in thenext T1 frame. Now, the detailed structure of an embodiment of acontention system will be described.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the contentionsystem 80 of FIG. 3. As described above, in this embodiment, a TB bus107 may be used to communicate contention data between the channelunits. The contention bus is an open collector bus that uses the TB busin the D4 system, or one or more of the buses, TA, TB or TPAM that arenormally used for voice signalling. The contention bus is pulled low byone or more of the channel units or kept high by a resistor, asdescribed below. The other buses, TDATA 108, TDCLK 109, and TWD 110 areD4 backplane signals, as described above, that may be used by thecontention system 80 to interface with the rest of the TDM communicationsystem. In particular, the data generated by each channel unit isoutputted over the TDATA bus 108, and the clock signal for the TDMsystem is carried over the TDCLK bus 109 so that the contention systemmay be synchronized with the TDM system. The signal on the TWD bus 110may indicate the beginning of each of the twenty-four TDM timeslots. Itshould also be remembered that each channel unit within the channelblock has a contention system because the contention system isdistributed over all of the channel units. For clarity, the descriptionof the contention system will be only for a single channel unit, buteach channel unit may have a similar system that may operate in asimilar manner.

The contention system 80 may include a frame detect unit 111 that maydetect the T1 framing bit so that it may be ignored and it may be usedto reset the contention system in each channel unit. To determine thebeginning of each new T1 frame, the frame detect unit may be clocked bythe 1.544 MHz TDM system clock signal on the TDCLK bus 109. Each clockpulse represents a single bit of the total 1.544 Mbps. The frame detectunit may also use the signal on the TWD bus 110, which goes high in themiddle of each of the twenty four time slots. The frame detect unit maycount the number of clock pulses on the TDCLK bus that occur betweenrising edges of the TWD signal. Normally, since each time slot has 8bits, as described above, there should be 8 clock pulses betweensuccessive signals on the TWD bus. However, at the end of a T1 framewhen the framing bit is added, there are nine clock pulses during theperiod between successive TWD pulses. When the framing detect unitdetects a odd number of clock pulses during the period betweensuccessive TWD pulses, the frame detect unit may output a framing bitsignal 112 that may be used to reset several counters within thecontention system that determine when contention may be done.

A counter 114 divides the 1.544 MHz clock signal on the TDCLK bus inhalf so that the location of the contention bits, as described below,may be properly aligned with the 1.544 MHz clock signal. An enablesignal 116 may be generated by the counter which causes contention bits,as described below, to be generated on the contention bus, TB in thisexample beginning at the falling edge of the enable signal 116. A secondcounter 118 may be clocked by the clock signal and may count 24 bits ofeach contention period. In this embodiment, the 192-bit signal may bedivided into four contention periods, each of which is twenty-four bitslong, but operates at half the clock speed to provide sufficient timefor the contention process. The invention, however, is not limited toany particular number of contention periods.

The second counter 118 may be enabled by the enable signal 116, andreset at the end of each 193-bit T1 frame by the framing bit signal 112.The second counter may output a count value 120 that may be 5 bits andmay determine which contention bit is being output by each contentionsystem in each channel unit, as described in more detail below. The5-bit count value may cycle from 1 to 24, in this embodiment, four timesduring each 193-bit TDM frame. This count value clocks the four 24-bitcontention periods. The 5-bit count value may be fed into a contentionlogic 122 whose operation and detailed structure will be described belowwith reference to FIG. 6. Briefly, the contention logic contends withother contention logic in each channel unit to determine which channelunit may get access to the TDATA bus by using the TB bus 107 tocommunicate the contention bits. When a particular channel unit has beenselected by the contention systems in the channel units, as theCurrentSender of data, as described below, the contention logic of thatchannel unit raises a CurrentSender signal 124 high so that the channelunit may communicate data over the TDATA bus 108. The CurrentSendersignal may be used to control a HDLC controller 126.

The HDLC controller is well known in the art and may generate HDLCframes that are going to be communicated over the TDATA bus 108. TheHDLC frames may be a series of data bits separated by flag bits. Theflag bits may be represented by the bit sequence “01111110” which may beused to separate frames of packetized data and may also be used forfilling in idle conditions between frames. The sequence of bits in theflag never occurs within a frame of packetized data. The signalformatting controller may be clocked by the clock signal on the TDCLKbus 109. When the signal formatting controller has data to be sent, aRequest₁₃To₁₃Send (RTS) signal 128 is raised high. When the RTS signalis raised high, the contention logic 122 will begin contending with theother channel units for permission to send the data over the TDATA bus,as described below in more detail. The signal formatting controller maybe controlled by a Clear₁₃To₁₃Send signal 130, which may be low when theCurrentSender signal is low, indicating that the particular channel unitmay not send data over the TDATA bus yet. The CTS signal may begenerated by an AND gate 132 that prevents the CTS from going high ifthe framing bit has been detected. This prevents the contention systemfrom sending data during the framing bit. However, when theCurrentSender signal goes high, indicating that the contention logic haswon permission to send data over the TDATA bus, data may be sent outover a DataOut bus 134 that may be connected to a buffer 136. The buffermay also be controlled by the CTS signal so that data is output from thebuffer to the TDATA bus only when the CTS signal is high and is highimpedance otherwise. The signal formatting controller may also have adata enable (DATAEBL) signal 138 that may be high when the controller issending data bits and may be low when the controller is sending flagbits. This signal may indicate to the contention logic through aDataAvail input when the actual data bits, instead of flag bits, arebeing sent. The signal formatting controller may only send a singleframe each time both the RTS and CTS signals are high.

A flag detector 140, may be clocked by the clock signal, and may monitordata output over the TDATA bus 108 by the buffer 136 and may output anEndOfFlag signal 142 during the transmission of flag bits over the TDATAbus. To detect flag bits, the flag detector detects the “01111110” bitsequence, as described above. The flag detector is enabled by an EBLsignal only when the framing bit signal 112 is low, indicating that noframing bit has been detected.

The contention logic 122 may be enabled by an ENABLE signal 144 that maybe generated by a NOR gate 146, and may generate an inverted version ofthe enable signal 116 used for the second counter 118. The enable signalhas been inverted because the counter 118 may change its count at thestart of each new contention bit, but the contention logic may samplethe TB bus in the middle of the contention bit time period. In order toskip the framing bit, the framing bit signal 112 is also fed into theNOR gate 146. Now, the details of an embodiment of the contention logic122 will be described.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the contention logic122 shown in FIG. 5. Although not shown for clarity, each of theflip-flops shown in FIG. 6 may be clocked by the 1.544 MHz clock signalon the TDCLK bus. As described above, the bit count signal 120 mayindicate the beginning of each of the twenty-four contention bit timeperiods during each contention period. A multiplexer 160 may be used toselect the contention bit to be output on the TB bus 107 during each ofthese twenty-four contention bit time periods from a plurality ofsignals attached to the multiplexer. The format of the bits sent out bythe contention logic over the TB bus are described in more detail belowwith reference to FIG. 8. The output signal from the multiplexer may bea TBOut signal 162 which may be inverted by an inverter 164, such as anopen collector inverter, prior to be placed on the TB bus. The opencollector inverter may only pull the TB bus low when a positive signalis generated by the multiplexer. Thus, a high signal from themultiplexer results in a low signal on the TB bus, which has advantagesthat are described in more detail below. If no contention system withinany of the channel units in the communications system is pulling the TBbus low, then the TB bus may be kept high by a resistor 166 connected toa power supply. As described below with reference to FIG. 8, the first13 bits of the contention period may be used and bits 14 to 24 areunused so that the inputs 14-24 of the multiplexer are tied to ground.Briefly, each channel units sends inverted contention bits so that apriority of four (“0100”) becomes 1011 on the TB Bus. Then, each channelunit knows that it has lost the contention process if it is trying tosend a “0” in a bit position (which would result in a 1 on the TB Bus)and the TB bus is a “0”. The purpose of each contention bit will now bedescribed.

During the first contention bit, the multiplexer may output a highsignal representing the CurrentSender signal 124 if the particularchannel unit that the multiplexer is located within currently hascontrol of the TDATA bus and is currently sending packets of data overthe communications system. During the second contention bit, themultiplexer may output a high signal based on a NextSender signal 168 ifthe particular channel unit has been selected to be the next sender ofpacketized data over the communications link. The NextSender signal maybe generated by the contention logic, as described below, if the channelunit has won the contention process. During the third through thirteenthcontention bits, the output of the multiplexer depends on a Contendingsignal 170. The details of the contending signal will be describedbelow. When the Contending signal is high, indicating that theparticular channel unit is still contending to send data during the nextframe, contention bits three through thirteen may be generated. When theContending signal is low, indicating that the channel unit has alreadylost the contention process for the next frame, a set of AND gates 172,174, 176 prevent any bits from being sent by the multiplexer forcontention bits three through thirteen. If the channel unit has alreadylost the contention process, there is no reason for the contention logicwithin that channel unit to continue to send contention bits. When thenext contention period begins, the AND gates will be reset so that thechannel unit may again contend.

If the Contending signal 170 is high, then signals may be generated thatare fed into the multiplexer and out over the TB bus. The third throughseventh contention bits may hold a value of a priority 178 of the datathat the particular channel, unit wants to send. The priority may begenerated by software within the communication system. In the contentionprocess, a channel unit with higher priority data will always win over achannel unit with lower priority data so that the higher priority datawill not be delayed by the communications system. During the eighthcontention bit, a fairness bit 180 may be generated, as described below,and sent over the TB bus by the multiplexer. During the ninth throughthirteenth contention bits, a slot signal 182, indicating which slot theparticular channel unit is plugged into, may be generated and sent overthe TB bus by the multiplexer. The slot signal 182 may be determined bythe hardware of the channel bank, as is known in the art.

A decoder 184 may decode the count on bit-count signal 120 when theEnable signal 144, as described above, is high. The decoder outputstiming pulses for the first through eighth contention bits, and for thefourteenth contention bit, which is the first unused contention bit. Forexample, a FirstBit signal 186 may be output during the first half ofthe first contention bit, and a LastBit signal 188 may be generatedduring the first half of the fourteenth contention bit. A third countsignal 190 may be generated during the first half of the third throughseventh contention bits, and a fourth count signal 192 may be generatedduring the first halves of the second and eighth contention bits.

A latch 194, that may be a R-S flip-flop, may be used to generate anOtherCardWon signal 196 which.indicates that some other channel unit,other than the particular one with this contention logic, has alreadywon the contention process and will be the next sender. The flip-flopmay be held reset during the first contention bit by the FirstBit signal186 attached to the reset input of the flip-flop. A logic gate 198, suchas a NOR gate, may be used to set the flip flop if the particularchannel in which the contention system is located has lost a contentionbit. A particular channel may lose a contention bit when the multiplexer160 attempts to output a low TBOut signal 162, as described below, whichcauses the inverter 164 to go high, but the signal on the TB bus isalready low because another channel unit has pulled it low and won thecontention process over the particular channel unit. Once the particularchannel unit has lost the contention process for any contention periodof twenty-four bits, the OtherCardWon signal 196 goes high and remainshigh until the beginning of the next contention period. This signalcauses a high signal at an input of an inverter 198, and a low signal atan input of a logic gate 200, that may be an AND gate. This in turncauses a Contend signal 202 to go low. This Contend signal is delayed bya latch 204 so that the Contending signal 170 goes low a single clockcycle later. As described above, the Contending signal 170 prevents themultiplexer from generating contention bits over the TB bus for theremainder of the present contention period if the channel unit hasalready lost the contention process. Now, the system for determiningwhen the contention logic should start contending for a frame isdescribed.

As described above, a high RTS signal 128 indicates when each contentionsystem within each channel unit should begin contending for control ofthe TDATA bus. When the RTS signal goes high at the beginning of a newcontention period and the FirstBit signal 186 goes high, a latch 206that may be a flip flop generates an output signal 208 that goes high.The output of the latch 206 may be input into the AND gate 200,described above, along with an inverted NextSender signal 212 that maybe generated by an inverter 210. If the channel unit is not currentlythe next sender, then the inverted NextSender signal is low, and the ANDgate 200 allows the Contend signal 202 to go high and the Contendingsignal 170 to go high one dock cycle later. If another channel unit hasalready been designated as the NextSender by the contention system, inaccordance with the invention, the TB bus will be pulled low during thesecond contention bit, causing the OtherCardWon signal 196 to go highand preventing the particular channel unit for contending on the thirdthrough thirteenth contention bits. If there is no next sender, thechannel unit will continue contending for access to the TDATA bus untilthe contention logic loses a contention bit, as described above, and theOtherCardWon signal 196 goes high. If the particular channel unit isstill contending for access (the Contend signal is high) to the TDATAbus when the fourteenth contention bit is detected, it has won thecontention. In this case, a latch 214, that may be a flip flop, will beset because the LastBit signal is high and the Contend signal is high sothat the flip flop may output a 1 on the NextSender signal 168. If anyother channel unit wins the contention by the fourteenth bit, when theLastBit signal goes high and the OtherCardWon signal 196 will also behigh which causes an output of a logic AND gate 216 to go high, which inturn sets a latch 218, that may be a flip flop. When the latch 218 isset, an OtherNextSender signal 220 may be generated. It should be clearthat the NextSender and OtherNextSender cannot both go high so there isonly a single NextSender.

If the particular channel unit shown is the NextSender, then thatchannel unit will become, at the end of the current frame, theCurrentSender and will have control of the TDATA bus. The NextSendersignal 168 and the output of an OR gate 222 may be ANDed by an AND gate224, which sets a latch 226, that may be a R-S flip flop, and generatesthe CurrentSender signal 124 and feeds that signal into the first bit ofthe multiplexer. The output of the OR gate 222 may go high when aNoCurrentSender signal 228 or the EndofFlag signal 142 goes high. TheNoCurrentSender signal 228 may be generated by a latch 230, that may bea flip flop, which samples the TB bus during the first contention bit(as indicated by a high FirstBit signal 186) to determine if any of thechannel units pulled the TB bus low during the first contention bit. Thecondition of no CurrentSender will only occur if the CurrentSender wasinterrupted from completing its transmission (for example, beingphysically removed from the channel bank) which would cause theEndofFlag signal 142 to never go high. Thus, determining if there is aCurrentSender at the beginning of each contention period prevents thislock-up from occurring.

Once the channel unit has become the CurrentSender, it may also remainthe NextSender if the DataAvail signal 138 is low in order to preventanother channel unit from becoming the NextSender and then trying tobecome the CurrentSender which would cause a conflict. To release theNextSender signal, the DataAvail signal 138 goes high, as describedabove, which causes the output of an AND gate 232 to go high whichresets the latch 214 so that the NextSender signal goes low and anotherchannel unit may become the NextSender.

Once the channel unit releases the NextSender signal, all of the otherchannel units within the communications system may again contend to bethe NextSender, which causes the OtherNextSender signal to go high. Ifthe channel unit has completed sending its packets of data, then theEndofflag signal 142 goes high, and the NextSender becomes theCurrentSender. If there is no NextSender, then the channel unit shownwill continue to be the CurrentSender and send flags until a NextSenderis selected. Now, the priority system and the fairness bit determiningsystem will be described.

As described above, during the third through seventh contention bits,the priority of the data that each channel unit wants to send is sentover the TB bus. During any contention period as a winning priority isdetermined, it may be clocked into a shift register 234. The shiftregister then outputs a signal that causes a memory 236 to output afairness bit for the winning priority as a Fairness signal 180. Thisfairness bit prevents a channel unit that has sent data at the winningpriority level from becoming the NextSender again for that winningpriority level until all of the other channel units with the samepriority data have had a chance to control the TDATA bus and sendpacketized data over the communications link. If the channel unit shownwins the contention and will become the NextSender, as described above,the Contend signal 202 will be high when the LastBit signal 180 is high,so that an OR gate 236 may output a high signal, and the output of anAND gate 238 connected to the LastBit signal and the Contend signal willgo high which causes a write pulse to be input to the memory 236. Thewrite pulse causes a “0” to be written into the memory, resetting thefairness bit for the shown channel unit and making it harder for theshown channel unit to win the contention again at the same prioritylevel until all of the other channel units have had a chance to senddata at that priority level during the time interval, as describedabove. The fairness bit may be reset to “1” if any other channel unitwins the contention process with a fairness bit set to “0”. This willonly happen if all cards that were contending at that priority levelalready have their fairness bits sent to 0.

If some other channel unit won, the contention at a particular prioritylevel with a fairness bit set to “0”, then the shown channel unit wantsto reset its fairness bit for that particular priority level to “1” sothat the shown channel unit may have a better chance to win thecontention process the next time at that priority level. To accomplishthis, a latch 240, that may be a flip flop, may be initially set by theFirstBit signal 186. An AND gate 242 resets the latch 240 when thesignal 192, during the second or eighth contention bits, is high and theTB bus signal is low. A low TB bus signal during the second contentionbit indicates that a NextSender has been selected, and a low TB bussignal during the eighth contention bit indicates that the NextSenderhad a fairness bit for its particular priority of “1”. Thus, latch 240will only remain set if there is no NextSender and the fairness bit ofthe card that will become the new NextSender was “0”. If the output oflatch 240 goes high and the OtherCardWon signal 196 is high, then theoutput of an AND gate 244 may also go high. If these conditions occur,then the channel unit shown wants to set its fairness bit for thatparticular priority to “1” so that it will have a better opportunity togain access to the TDATA bus for that particular priority level databefore any other channel unit that has already sent data at thatpriority level. Now the format of the contention bits and the contentionprocess will be described in more detail.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a 24-bit contention signal 260 in accordancewith the invention. As described above, each channel unit generates eachone of the contention bits until that channel unit has lost thecontention process. The contention bits are compared starting at a firstbit. As shown, the contention signal may have a number of individualcontention bits that are separately generated and output over thecontention bus, as described above. A first contention bit 262 is aCurrentSender (CS) bit. As described above, the multiplexer in thecontention logic of FIG. 6 outputs a high “1” signal when, for example,a particular channel unit is sending data, but the signal may beinverted so that a “0” may be actually output over the TB bus. In thisdescription, the output over the TB bus will be described. Therefore,the CS bit may usually be “0” indicating that a channel unit is alreadycurrently sending packets of data. As described above, this CS bit maybe ignored for purposes of determining which channel unit will be theNextSender, but may be monitored by a current NextSender to determinewhen the CurrentSender has finished sending data or to immediatelytransfer control of the bus to the NextSender if the CurrentSender isinterrupted in its transmission of data.

A second contention bit 264 (NS) indicates whether a particular channelunit has already won the contention and has become the next channel unitto send data. If the NS bit is “0”, then there is a channel unit alreadywaiting to send data and this channel unit will win any contentionprocess until it can send its data because the NS bit is the secondcontention bit and the NS contention bit is the first contention bitthat is compared. As described above, this ensures that the channelunit, waiting to send data, does not have its access to the TDATA busstolen by another channel unit until that channel unit has sent itspacketized data. If the NS bit is “1”, then the next channel unit tosend data has not been determined and each channel unit may competeusing the third through thirteenth contention bits. These contentionbits are priority bits (bits 3-7), a fairness bit (bit 8), and a slotaddress (bits 9-13). A set of priority bits 266, which may be 5 bitslong, may be set by the communication software or hardware depending onthe amount of data packets allocated to each channel unit and thecurrent number of data packets sent by the channel unit compared to theallocation. The priority bits are sent such that the most significantbit is sent first. With a 5-bit signal, thirty-two priority levels areavailable. Assuming that the NS bit is “1”, then the channel unit withthe highest priority will win the contention process.

A fairness bit 268 may be generated by the contention logic and may beused to determine which channel unit becomes the next sender when thechannel units have the same priority data. If the fairness bit of aparticular channel unit for a particular priority is “0”, then thatparticular channel unit has not sent data at that priority level. If thefairness bit is “1”, then the particular channel unit has already sentdata at that priority level and may not send data again at that prioritylevel until all of the other cards with packetized data waiting to besent at that priority have had a chance to send data at that prioritylevel. The fairness bit prevents a single channel unit from monopolizingthe bandwidth of the communications systems and enforces a round-robinapproach. If the two channel units have different priorities, then thefairness bit is not used.

Finally, a set of slot bits 270, indicate the physical location of eachchannel unit within the communications system. If all of the othercontention bits for all of the channel units are the same, then thechannel unit with the highest slot address will become the next channelunit to send data. A set of unused bits 272 complete the 24-bitcontention signal. The CurrentSender must monitor the contention bus todetermine if a NextSender has been determined. If bits 2-13 of acontention period are “1”, no NextSender has been determined and theCurrentSender sends flags, as described above, until a NextSender hasbeen determined. Thus, the CurrentSender holds the data bus until aNextSender has been determined. Now, the contention process will bedescribed.

FIG. 8 is a timing diagram showing an example of the contention processbetween three channel units having different priorities. As shown, afirst contention period 276 and a second contention period 278, eachbeing 24 bits long, are shown. A signal 280 for a channel unit in slot1, which is the lowest slot address, a signal 282 for a channel unit inslot 3, a signal 284 for a channel unit in slot 4, and a resultantsignal 286 on the contention bus are shown. As described above, eachchannel unit compares its contention bits with the contention bus todetermine whether it has won the contention. In this example, channelunit in slot 1 is the CurrentSender of data so that the CS bit is low,and the resultant signal on the contention bus is also low for both ofthe contention periods shown. This channel unit does not contend to bethe next sender of data, in this example, because it has no additionaldata to send.

In the first contention period 276, the NS bit 264 generated by thechannel units in the third and fourth slots are both high indicatingthat a next sender of data has not been chosen yet, so the contentionprocess continues. Next, the channel units generate the priority bits266. In this example, the channel unit in the third slot has a priorityof six, which is 00110 in binary. This signal is inverted so that theoutput signal is 11001. Similarly, the channel unit in the fourth slothas a priority of five, which is 00101 in binary and inverted to be11010. When these two priority bits are compared, the channel unit isslot three wins because it has the higher priority, which is reflectedby the signal 186 on the contention bus having the same result.Therefore, the rest of the contention bits from the channel unit in thethird slot will be transferred to the contention bus, as shown.

During the second contention period 278, the channel unit in the thirdslot has won the previous contention process, but has not yet sent anydata. Therefore, its NS bit is low which also pulls the contention buslow. Thus, during the second contention period, no contention occursbecause the third slot channel unit has already won the contentionprocess, but is still waiting to send its data. Now, a contentionprocess in which the channel units have the sam e priority, but and thesame fairness bits will be described.

FIG. 9 is a timing diagram showing an example of the contention processbetween three channel units having the same priorities, but differentfairness bits. As shown, a first contention period 300 and a secondcontention period 302, each being 24 bits long, are shown. A signal 304for a channel unit in slot 1, which is the lowest slot address, a signal306 for a channel unit in slot 3, a signal 308 for a channel unit inslot 4, and a resultant signal 310 on the contention bus are shown. Inthis example, channel unit in slot 1 is the CurrentSender of data sothat the CS bit 262 is low, and the resultant signal on the contentionbus is also low for both of the contention periods shown. As describedabove, this channel unit does not contend to be the next sender of data,in this example, because it has no additional data to send.

In the first contention period 300, the NS bit 264 generated by thechannel units in the third and fourth slots are both high indicatingthat a next sender of data has not been chosen yet, so the contentionprocess continues. Next, the channel units generate the priority bits266. In this example, each channel unit has a priority of six, which is00110 in binary. This signal is inverted so that the output signal is11001. In this example, both of the channel units have the same priorityso the contention process continues. Next, the channel units generate afairness bit 268. In this example, the channel units in both slots havea fairness bit of “0” indicating that neither channel unit has sent datawith a priority of six before. Since these signal are the same, thecontention process continues and the resultant signal 310 on thecontention bus is the same as the contention bits for all of the channelunits. Next, each channel unit generates its slot number, which is 00011for slot three and 00100 for slot four. As above, these signals areinverted and the channel unit is slot four wins the contention becausethat channel unit has a higher slot number.

During the second contention period 302, the channel unit in the fourthslot has won the previous contention process due to its higher slotnumber, but has not yet sent any data. Therefore, its NS bit is lowwhich also pulls the contention bus low. Thus, during the secondcontention period, no contention occurs because the fourth slot channelunit has already won the contention process, but is still waiting tosend its data.

If two contending channel units have the same priority, but differentfairness bits, then the channel unit with the “0” fairness bit will winthe contention period. The fairness bit provides a round robin mechanismin which a channel unit that has sent data at a particular prioritylevel may not send data again at that priority level until all of theother channel units within the communication systems have sent data atthe particular priority level only if there is pending packetized datato be sent at that priority level. For example, if a channel unit is aCurrentSender, has a fairness bit set to “0”, finishes sending its data,but has other packetized data at a particular priority level to send,then that channel unit may send the other data at the particularpriority level provided that no other channel unit currently haspacketized data waiting to send at the particular priority level.

While the foregoing has been with reference to a particular embodimentof the invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat changes in this embodiment may be made without departing from theprinciples and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined bythe appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for communicating packetized dataover a communications link using a channel bank having a time divisionmultiplexing addressing scheme, comprising: a plurality of channel unitseach generating packetized data; and contention circuitry incorporatedinto the channel bank that ignores time slot boundaries in the timedivision multiplexing addressing scheme while enabling a packetized dataprotocol in the channel units for communicating packetized data over thecommunications link independently of the time slot boundaries.
 2. Anapparatus according to claim 1 wherein each one of the channel unitscommunicates with the contention circuitry for sending packetized dataover the communications link.
 3. An apparatus according to claim 1wherein the channel bank includes common equipment that uses TDMsignaling for assigning fixed timeslots to the channel units, each oneof the channel units including a portion of the contention circuitrythat receives but ignores the TDM signaling when sending packetizeddata.
 4. An apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the TDM signalingincludes a framing bit that is skipped by the contention circuitry inthe channel units when communicating the packetized data.
 5. Anapparatus according to claim 1 wherein the contention circuitry includesa contention bus including a signaling bus normally used for voicecommunications within the channel bank but alternatively used by thecontention circuitry for resolving contention among the channel unitsvying to send packetized data over the communications links.
 6. Anapparatus according to claim 5 wherein the channel bank comprises a D4channel bank having a TA bus, a TB bus and a TPAM bus, and wherein thesignaling bus comprises one of the buses in the D4 channel bank.
 7. Anapparatus according to claim 1 wherein the packetized data is in a framerelay format.
 8. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein thecontention circuitry provides a plurality of contention periods forassigning a next sender of packetized data over the communications link.9. An apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the channel units generatecontention signals that are compared by the contention circuitry todetermine which of the channel units to assign as the next sender. 10.An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the contention signals includea priority value used by the contention circuitry to determine which ofthe channel units to assign as the next sender.
 11. An apparatus forcommunicating packetized data over a communications link using a channelbank having a time division multiplexing addressing scheme, comprising:a plurality of channel units each generating packetized data; andcontention circuitry incorporated into the channel bank that ignores thetime division multiplexing addressing scheme while enabling a packetizeddata protocol in the channel units for communicating packetized dataover the communications link, the contention circuitry providing aplurality of contention periods for assigning a next sender ofpacketized data over the communications link and the channel unitsgenerating contention signals that are compared by the contentioncircuitry to determine which of the channel units to assign as the nextsender, the contention signals including a priority value used by thecontention circuitry to determine which of the channel units to assignas the next sender and a fairness value for preventing a channel unitthat has sent packetized data using a particular priority value fromsending additional data at that same particular priority value until theother channel units have also had a chance to send data at thatparticular priority value.
 12. An apparatus according to claim 11wherein the contention signals include a current sender signalindicating which of the channel units is the current sender ofpacketized data, a next sender signal indicating which of the channelunits is the next sender of packetized data, and a slot signalindicating a slot address associated with the channel units.
 13. Amethod for communicating packetized data over a communications linkusing a channel bank having a time division multiplexing addressingscheme, comprising: generating packetized data during packet periodsusing channel units in the channel bank; assigning one of the channelunits as a current sender of packetized data over the communicationslink; assigning one of the channel units as a next sender of packetizeddata over the communications link; and ignoring fixed time slots in thetime division multiplexing addressing scheme in the channel bank whileenabling the current sender to use a packetized data protocol thattransmits the packetized data over the communications link without usingthe fixed time slots in the time division multiplexing addressingscheme.
 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein ignoring the timedivision multiplexing addressing scheme comprises skipping a framing bitin the time division multiplexing addressing scheme if the framing bitoccurs during one of the packet periods.
 15. A method according to claim14 including using a signaling bus normally used in the channel bank forvoice communications to determine the next sender of packetized dataover the communications link.
 16. A method according to claim 15 whereinthe channel bank comprises a D4 channel bank having a TA bus, a TB busand a TPAM bus, and wherein using the signaling bus comprises selectingthe signaling bus from one of the buses in the D4 channel bank.
 17. Amethod according to claim 13 wherein the packetized data is in a framerelay format.
 18. A method according to claim 13 wherein assigning thenext sender comprises: generating a plurality of contention signals fromthe channel units; sending the contention signals over a contention bus;and comparing the contention signals to determine the next sender.
 19. Amethod according to claim 13 wherein the contention signals includepriority signals that assign priorities to the packetized datatransmitted by the channel units.
 20. A method for communicatingpacketized data over a communications link using a channel bank having atime division multiplexing addressing scheme, comprising: generatingpacketized data during packet periods using channel units in the channelbank; assigning one of the channel units as a current sender ofpacketized data over the communications link; assigning one of thechannel units as a next sender of packetized data over thecommunications link; ignoring the time division multiplexing addressingscheme in the channel bank while enabling the current sender to use apacketized data protocol to communicate the packetized data over thecommunications link; and generating a fairness signal that prevents thechannel units from sending packetized data at a particular priorityafter previously sending data at that particular priority until theother channel units have had a chance to send packetized data at thatparticular priority.
 21. A method according to claim 20 includingresetting the fairness signal once all of the channel units have had achance to send packetized data at that particular priority.
 22. A methodaccording to claim 21 including resetting the fairness signal for one ofthe channel units for a particular priority when another one of thechannel units becomes the next sender at that particular priority.
 23. Amethod according to claim 22 including determining the next sender byselecting one of the channel units having a same priority as the otherchannel units but that has a different fairness signal for thatpriority.
 24. A method according to claim 23 wherein the contentionsignals include a current sender signal identifying one of the channelunits as the current sender of packetized data, a next sender signalindicating one of the channel units as the next sender of packetizeddata, and a slot signal indicating slot addresses for the channel unitswithin the channel bank.
 25. A method according to claim 13 includingretaining the communications by the current sender of packetized data ifno next sender of packetized data has been determined.
 26. An electronicstorage medium containing a software program for operating in a channelbank, the channel bank having a time division multiplexing addressingscheme for communicating over a communications link, the softwareprogram comprising: program code for generating packetized data duringpacket periods from channel units in the channel bank; program code forassigning the communications link to one of the channel units as acurrent sender of packetized data over the communications link; programcode for assigning one of the channel units as a next sender ofpacketized data over the communications link; and program code forignoring fixed time slots in the time division multiplexing addressingscheme in the channel bank while enabling the channel units to use apacketized data protocol that transfers the packetized data over thecommunications link independently of the fixed time slots.
 27. Anelectronic storage medium according to claim 26 wherein the program codethat ignores the time division multiplexing addressing scheme skips aframing bit in the time division multiplexing addressing scheme whencommunicating the packetized data if the framing bit occurs during oneof the packet periods.
 28. An electronic storage medium according toclaim 26 including program code that uses a signaling bus normally usedfor voice communications in the channel bank to determine the nextsender of packetized data over the communications link.
 29. Anelectronic storage medium according to claim 28 wherein the channel bankcomprises a D4 channel bank having a TA bus, a TB bus, and a TPAM bus,and the program code selects the signaling bus from one of the buses inthe D4 channel bank.
 30. An electronic storage medium according to claim26 wherein the packetized data is in a frame relay format.
 31. Anelectronic storage medium according to claim 26 wherein the program codedetermines the next sender as follows: generating a plurality ofcontention signals from the channel units; sending the contentionsignals over a contention bus; and comparing the contention signals todetermine the next sender.
 32. An electronic storage medium according toclaim 26 including program code for assigning priorities to thepacketized data transmitted by the channel units.
 33. An electronicstorage medium according to claim 26 including program code thatgenerates a fairness signal that prevents the channel units from sendingpacketized data at a particular priority after previously sending dataat that particular priority until the other channel units have also hada chance to send packetized data at that particular priority.
 34. Anelectronic storage medium according to claim 33 including program codethat resets the fairness signal once all of the channel units have had achance to send packetized data at that particular priority.
 35. Anelectronic storage medium according to claim 34 including program codethat resets the fairness signal for one of the channel units for aparticular priority when another one of the channel units becomes thenext sender at that particular priority.
 36. An electronic storagemedium according to claim 26 including program code that determines thenext sender by selecting one of the channel units having a same priorityas the other channel units but that has a different fairness signal forthat priority.
 37. An electronic storage medium according to claim 26including program code that generates a current sender signal indicatingone of the channel units as the current sender of packetized data, anext sender signal indicating one of the channel units as the nextsender of packetized data, priority signals indicating particularpriorities for packetized data to be communicated by the channel units,and slot signals indicating slot addresses for the channel units withinthe channel bank.
 38. An electronic storage medium according to claim 26including program code that retains the communications link by thecurrent sender of packetized data if no next sender of packetized datahas been determined.
 39. An apparatus for communicating packetized dataover a communications link, comprising: a plurality of channel unitsgenerating packetized data and assigning priority values to thepacketized data, the channel units also generating fairness signalsindicating whether the channel units have previously sent packetizeddata at that particular priority value; a contention circuit thatallocates one of the channel units as a current sender of packetizeddata and assigns one of the channel units as a next sender of packetizeddata, the contention circuit assigning the next sender based on thepriority values assigned by the channel units to the packetized data andalso based on the fairness signals generated by the channel units, thecontention circuit allocating the communication link to the next senderafter said current sender has finished sending packetized data.
 40. Anapparatus according to claim 39 wherein the channel units are given slotassignments and the contention circuit allocates the next senderaccording to the slot assignments.
 41. An apparatus according to claim39 wherein the channel units set their fairness signals for a particularpriority value once that channel unit has sent packetized data at thatparticular priority value.
 42. An apparatus according to claim 41wherein the channel units reset their fairness signals once all of thechannel units have had a chance to send packetized data at thatparticular priority value.
 43. An apparatus according to claim 42wherein the contention circuit selects the next sender from channelunits having the same priority value and a reset fairness bit for thatpriority value.
 44. An apparatus according to claim 39 wherein thechannel units are part of a channel bank that provides a time divisionmultiplexing addressing scheme for communicating over the communicationslink and the contention circuitry ignores the time division multiplexingaddressing scheme used in the channel bank while enabling the channelunits to use a packetized data protocol to communicate packetized dataover the communications link.
 45. An apparatus according to claim 44wherein the contention circuitry ignores the time division multiplexingaddressing scheme by skipping a framing bit in the addressing scheme ifthe framing bit occurs when one of the channel banks is sendingpacketized data.
 46. An electronic storage medium containing a softwareprogram for communicating packetized data over a communications link,the software program comprising: program code for generating packetizeddata from channel units and assigning priority values to the packetizeddata, the program code also generating fairness signals indicatingwhether the channel units have previously sent packetized data at aparticular priority value; contention program code that allocates one ofthe channel units as a current sender of packetized data and assigns oneof the channel units as a next sender of packetized data, the contentionprogram code assigning the next sender based on the priority valuesassigned by the channel units to the packetized data and also based onthe fairness signals generated by the channel units, the contentioncircuit allocating the communication link to the next sender after thecurrent sender has finished sending packetized data.
 47. An electronicstorage medium according to claim 46 including program code that givesthe channel units slot assignments and assigns the next sender accordingto the slot assignments.
 48. An electronic storage medium according toclaim 46 including program code that sets the fairness signals forparticular priority values once the channel unit have sent packetizeddata at those particular priority values.
 49. An electronic storagemedium according to claim 46 including program code that resets thefairness signals for a particular priority value after all of thechannel units having packetized data to send at that particular priorityvalue have sent packetized data at that particular priority value. 50.An electronic storage medium according to claim 46 wherein thecontention program code selects the next sender from channel unitshaving the same priority value and a reset fairness bit for thatpriority value.
 51. An electronic storage medium according to claim 46wherein the channel units are part of a channel bank that provides atime division multiplexing addressing scheme for communicating over thecommunications link and the contention program code ignores the timedivision multiplexing addressing scheme used in the channel bank whileenabling the channel units to use a packetized data protocol tocommunicate packetized data over the communications link.
 52. Anelectronic storage medium according to claim 51 wherein the contentionprogram code ignores the time division multiplexing addressing scheme byskipping a framing bit in the addressing scheme if the framing bitoccurs when one of the channel banks is sending packetized data.
 53. Anapparatus for communicating packetized data over a communications link,comprising: means for generating packetized data from channel units andassigning priority values to the packetized data, the program code alsogenerating fairness signals indicating whether the channel units havepreviously sent packetized data at a particular priority value; meansfor allocating one of the channel units as a current sender ofpacketized data and assigning one of the channel units as a next senderof packetized data, means for assigning the next sender based on thepriority values assigned by the channel units to the packetized data andalso based on the fairness signals generated by the channel units; andmeans for allocating the communication link to the next sender after thecurrent sender has finished sending packetized data.
 54. An apparatusaccording to claim 53 including means for giving the channel units slotassignments and assigning the next sender according to the slotassignments.
 55. An apparatus according to claim 53 including means forsetting the fairness signals for particular priority values once thechannel unit have sent packetized data at those particular priorityvalues.
 56. An apparatus according to claim 53 including means forresetting the fairness signals for a particular priority value after allof the channel units having packetized data to send at that particularpriority value have sent packetized data at that particular priorityvalue.
 57. An apparatus according to claim 53 including means forselecting the next sender from channel units having the same priorityvalue and resetting the fairness signals for that priority value.